English Grammar,Chapter Twoword-formation,word-formationword-building,main methods minor methods,,转化法 conversion 合成法 compounding /composition 派生法 derivation /affixation 词缀法,,截短法 clipping /shortening 拼缀法 blending 缩略词 abbreviation 首字母缩略词 acronym 反转构词法 back-formation,,(1) v. n. try, look, say (2) n. v. book, chair, bridge (3) adj. v. slow, calm, better (4) ad. v. further, forward (5) adj. n. bitter, final, daily (6) others n. ups and downs, a he or a she? a must;,,compound noun compound adjective compound pronoun compound verb compound adverb,,词根 root /base; 前缀 prefix words meaning 后缀 suffix word class some prefixes word class,,1 common prefix 2 common noun suffix 3 common adj. suffix 4 common verb suffix 5 common adv. suffix 6 common num. suffix 7 common num. prefix,,1 截头 telephone phone; aeroplane plane; 2 去尾 exam; lab; ad; dorm; pop; photo; kilo; gym 3 即截头又去尾 refrigerator fridge; influenza flu,,4 几个词 一个词 nylon-stockings nylons; popular song singer pop-singer three-dimensional film Three-D,,,,smog, smoke + fog,brunch, breakfast + lunch,motel, motor + hotel,botel, boat + hotel,Oxbridge, Oxford + Cambridge,1 首+尾,,,interpol, international + police,sci-fi, science + fiction,moped, motor + pedal,sitcom, situation + comedy,comsat, communication + satellite,2 首+首,,,airtel, air + hotel,carbecue, car + barbecue,autopia, auto + utopia,workfare, work + welfare,lunarnaut, lunar + astronaut,3 全+尾,slimnastics, slim + gymnastics,,medicare, medical + care,medichair, medical + chair,helipad, helicopter + pad,televiewer, television + viewer,telediagnosis, television + diagnosis,4 首+全,,Mr. Mrs. Ms. Dr. Prof. Apt. Rd. St. Ave. No. a.m. p.m. AD/A.D. BC/B.C. kg. km. dl. m. dm. cm. mm. TV/T.V. FL. PA. S. N. E. W.,,anti- 反；抗；防 anti-imperialist; antibody; arch- 主要的 arch-enemy; archbishop; arch-criminal; auto- 自（动）的 automobile; autobiography;,,bi- 双 bicycle; bilingual; by- 在旁；副；次要的 bystander; by-product; by-election; by-effect; co- 共同 co-existence; co-operation; co-worker;,,counter- 反 counter-clockwise; counter-revolutionary; de- 除去；否定 demilitarize; decentralization; dis - 不；否定（做相反动作） disorder; disarmament;,,en-; em- 使成为 enable; enlarge; enslave; encourage; embed; ex- 前, 向外 ex-president; ex-wife; export; extra- 外 extraordinary; extra-curricular; extra-official;,,for-; fore- 先；前；预 forward; foresee; forearm; foretaste; foreman; for- 禁；弃 forbid; forget; forgo hydro- 水 hydro-electric; hydroplane;,,in-; im-; il-; ir- 不；非 informal; impossible; immoral; irregular; illegal; inter- 间；相互 interview; international; mal- 恶 maltreat; malnutrition; malpractice;,,micro-百万分之一；微；放大； microsecond; microfilm; microphone; mid- 中 midday; midnight; mid-autumn; mid-term; mis- 误 mislead; misunderstand;,,mono- 单一 monotonous; monolingual; monosyllabic; monologue; multi- 多 multi-national; multi-purpose; multi-colored; multilateral; neo- 新 neoclassical; neo-colony;,,non- 不；非 nonexistent; nonsense; non-stop; non-smoker; post- 后于 post-war; postgraduate; pre- 先于 prepay; pre-war; pre-revolution;,,pro- 赞成；亲善；代替 pronoun; pro-American; pro-consul; pseudo- 伪 pseudo-science; pseudonym; re- 重；再；复 reunite; review; reread; retell;,,semi- 半 semi-weekly; semi-final; semiconductor; semi-colonial; sub- 下；次 substructure; subway; subdivide; subheading; super- 上； 超 supermarket; super-profit; superpower; superstructure;,,syn- ;sym-; syl- 同 synonym; sympathy; tele- 远 telegram/telegraph; telephone; telescope; television; trans- 横过；转移 transport; transplant; transformation; transoceanic;,,tri- 三 triangle; trichord; tricar; ultra- 之外；极；超 ultra-violet; ultra-leftist; ultramicroscope; un- 不 unjust; unable; untrue; unfair;,,uni- 一；单 uniform; unilateral; unisex; unique; unicycle; vice- 副 vice-governor; vice-dean; vice-president; over- 过于；上 overdo; over-estimate;,,under- 不够；下 underfeed; under-estimate; underground; self- 自动（我） self-starter; self-service; self-correcting; mini- 特小的 minibus; miniskirt; minicab;,,hyper- 超；过分 hyperactive; hypertension; hypersensitive; poly- 多 polytechnic; polysemy; polygamy; polychrome;,,age 状态；集合 marriage; shortage; teenage; al 动作；性质；状态 signal; arrival; withdrawal; revival; approval; refusal; an 人；语 American; Russian; Italian;,,ance 性质；状态；动作 acceptance; importance; appearance; ant,ent 人 merchant; assistant; defendant; student; ate 职务；动作涉及对象；盐酸 doctorate; consulate; electorate; sulphate;,,ation/ition 动作 repetition preparation; competition; cide 杀 insecticide; suicide cracy 统治 bureaucracy; democracy; aristocracy;,,craft 技巧；工艺；飞行器 handicraft; aircraft; dom 状态；领域 kingdom; freedom; wisdom; ee （被动）人 employee; absentee; trainee;,,eer 人 engineer; volunteer; ence/ency （抽象n.） currency; dependence; excellence; frequency; er 人；动作者 thinker; writer; washer; harvester;,,ese 人；语 Chinese; Japanese; Hunanese; Viennese; Vietnamese ess 女性 actress; princess; goddess; shepherdess; tailoress ette 小；假/人造；女性；组/组合 cigarette; kitchenette; dinette; usherette,,ful 量 spoonful; handful; armful; mouthful; graph 书写；录 telegraph; photograph; hood 身份；境遇；状态 childhood; livelihood; likelihood; neighborhood;,,ian 人 Christian; guardian; musician; technician; ice 抽象n. justice; service; ing 物体；概念 building; feeling; painting; wedding;,,ion 抽象n. expansion; discussion; decision; ism 主义；教 feudalism; Buddhism; imperialism; ist 主义者；人 artist; socialist; communist;,,ity 抽象n. possibility; capability; let 小 booklet; streamlet; leaflet; bracelet; ling 小（有时有轻蔑之义） duckling; sapling;,,logy 学科 psychology; geology; philology; biology; man 人 postman; countryman; Frenchman; ment 运动；结果 judgment; government; movement; payment;,,ness 状态；性质 tiredness; correctness; or 人；动作者 tractor; accelerator; editor; ry/ery 行为性质工作（地点）货物种类；境遇 bravery; cookery; nursery; drapery; slavery; ministry; peasantry;,,ship 状态；身份 sportsmanship; hardship; apprenticeship; leadership; sion 动作；状态 tension; revision; th 结果；过程 truth; depth; wealth; health;,,tion 动作；状态 attention; action; ty 抽象n. certainty; cruelty; specialty; loyalty; ure 结果；动作 procedure; departure; y抽象n. difficulty; discovery; modesty; inquiry;,,WTO world trade organization UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,,OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Group,,VIP very important person SAR special administration region IQ intelligence quotient,,AI Artificial Intelligence SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome UFO Unidentified Flying Object,,editor edit; mass-production mass-produce; typewriter typewrite; dry-cleaning dry-clean; sightseeing sightsee;,,able/ible 能够 tolerable; sensible; al 的 cultural; additional; national; an （语、地、人）的 Russian; Asian; African;,,ant/ent 的 arrogant; excellent; diligent ary 的 secondary; honorary; imaginary; revolutionary ate 的 fortunate; passionate; affectionate; collegiate,,ed 有；像 many-sided; talented; skilled; en 的 golden; woolen; wooden; ern 方向 northern; southern;,,ese （地、人）的 Vietnamese; Viennese; fold 倍 twofold; manifold ful 的 useful; helpful; hopeful; beautiful;,,ial 的 editorial; racial; material; ian （人）的 Canadian; Christian ic/ical 的（有些意义不同） electric/electrical; historic/historical; typical; poetic/poetical; grammatical;,,ish 属于；稍微 British; bookish; childish; selfish; yellowish; ist/istic （主义）的； artistic; idealistic; materialistic; ive 性；倾向 active; attractive; impressive;,,less 无 fearless; meaningless; like 如 homelike childlike; father-like; ly 品质；的 weekly; daily; friendly; comradely; lovely;,,most 最 foremost; topmost; utmost; ous 多 nervous; glorious; superstitious; some 引起；适于；易于 troublesome; tiresome;,,ward 向 backward; inward; outward; y 充满；性质 rainy; handy; mighty; icy;,,ate isolate; consolidate; facilitate; formulate; en deepen; shorten strengthen;,,ify purify; classify; simplify; intensify; ize / ise realize; modernize; industrialize; mechanize,,ly quickly; swiftly; highly ward(s) forward; upwards; wise clockwise likewise; otherwise;,,teen 13-19 ty 20, 30, 40, 90 th 4th, 5th, 6th, ,,1 en- + n. /adj. v. endanger; enslave; enlarge 2 be- + n. /adj. v. belittle; befriend; behead,,3 a- + n. adj. /ad. asleep; aboard; aside; ashore; away; awake; ablaze 4 out- + vi. vt. outrun; outlive; outshine; outvote,,5 out- + vi. n. outcome; outlet; outlaw; outlook;,,1 mono- uni- 一；单 monologue, monoxide, uniform; unilateral; unisex; unique; unicycle 2 di- / bi- dialogue, dioxide, bicycle, bilingual,,3 tri- triangle; trichord; tricar; trisect 4 rect- 直，正 rectangle, rectum, rectilineal 5 pent(a)- pentagon, pentagram, pentameter,,6 hex(a)- sex- hexagon, sexangle, sexennial 7 hepta- / sept- heptagon, heptameter, septilateral septwolf 8 oct- octa- octo- octagon, octameter,,9 nona- ennea- nonagon, enneagon, ennead 10 deci- / deca- decagon, decaliter, decimal, decagram,,11 centi- centimeter, century, centipede 12 milli- millimeter, millennium, millipede 13 kilo- kilowatt, kilobyte, kilometer, kilogram,,。