植物营养学复习要点第一章：Questions-21、 How to assess （1) A given plant评价 an element that is essential to higher plants? must be unable to complete its life cyclein the absence of the mineralelement;（ 2) The function of the element must not be replaceable by another mineral element;（ 3) The element must be directly involved in plant metabolism- for example, as a component ofan essential plantconstituentsuch as an enzyme- orit must be required for a distinctmetabolicstep such as an enzyme reaction.2、 How many kinds of elements are essential for higher plants?183、 What are the general functions of the essential elements for higher plants?As the constituents成分 of important compounds in plant；As the constituents or activators of enzymes作为酶的成分或激活剂Stabilize the structure of the cell4、 Please describe the general composition of a livingplant.Water 、 Dry matter（ Organic matter and ashes/ minerals )5、 Terms:Hyperaccumulation,phytoremediation,Macronutrients,micronutrients,threeessentials offertilizerMacronutrients： C,H,O,N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S 。
Micronutrients： Cu,Zn,Mn,Fe,B,Mo,CI,Ni， CoQuestions-31、 What are the main functions of plant roots?Anchoring固定 the plant in the soilAbsorption and translocation of water and nutrientsSynthesis of phytohormones植物激素 and other organic compoundsStorage存储 of inorganic and organic nutrients2、 There are two kinds of roots, what are they?须根系（ fibrous root system）、直根系(tap root system）3、 What's root hair? Cluster root?群集根roothair： Root hairs aretubular管状物的 tensionsof the rootepidermal表皮 cell andoccur asa result of lateral cell growth.Cluster root：4、 Therearemany environmentalfactorsthat affectrootgrowth.What arethey? How theyaffectthe growth of root?Soilcompaction：土壤容重 1.1-1.3g/cm3 适宜旱地作物生长。
溶液中根系细长，土壤中根系粗短Soil temperature：适宜温度：20-25℃Water ：“干长根，湿长苗”Nutrient：根系具有趋肥性Questions-41、 How many parts of a root tip could be divided into?Meristematic zone 分生区、 Elongation zone 伸长区、 Hair zone 根冠2、 Please describe the transverse section 截面 of a young rootRoot hairs/ 根毛、 Epidermis/ 表皮、 Parenchyma/ 皮层薄壁组织、 Endodermis/内皮层、Stele/中柱s free space in a root? Donnan free space and water free space?'What 、 3．free space ：在根的某些组织或细胞内允许外部溶液通过自由扩散进出的那些区域水分自由空间：水溶性离子可自由进出的那部分空间 .杜南自由空间：细胞组织上所带的负电菏点位而吸持阳离子排斥阳离子所占据的空间。
4、 What are apoplast and symplast?Symplast ： the cytoplasmatic continuum formed by numerous plasmodesmata.共质体：指各个活的细胞通过胞间连丝相互连在一起形成的统一体Apoplast ： comprises all parts of the tissue open to solutes and water without their having tocross a membrane. 质外体：植物组织中细胞壁的连续体，包括细胞壁、细胞间隙和木质部导管等非原生质的部分5、 Please describe the structure of a cell membrane.大约等比例的蛋白质和脂质分子组成，约 7 to 10 nmQuestions-5厚1、 What is active and passive absorption of elements by plant root cells?passive uptake: 顺浓度或电化学梯度、不消耗能量、无选择性active uptake ：逆浓度或电化学梯度、消耗能量、有选择性。
2、 What is ion pumps, ion channels?ion channels ：是细胞膜上具有选择性的孔状跨膜蛋白，可以允许离子迅速透过质膜，能快速开启和关闭ion pumps ：3、 Why Nernst Equation is useful for interpreting原生质 membrane?解释 the ion transport into plasma4、 What, generally, is the mechanism that has been proposed to account for the active absorptionof ions by roots?载体学说 (Carrier transport) 、离子泵学说 (Ion pump)5、 Is the driving force the same for charged nutrients and uncharged nutrients across the membrane?Explain your answer.Uncharged molecules 不带电的 move in response to: differences in concentration(chemical gradient)Charged molecules move in response to:differences in concentration(chemicalgradient)、differences in voltage(electrical gradient)= electro-chemical gradient6、 Please describe the types of transporters existed in the membranes.主动运输、被动扩散、内吞外排。
7、 Km, Cmin, ImaxImax: maximal net influx of ions into rootsKm: Michaelis-Menten constant 米氏常数Cmin: Concentration of nutrient in medium离子进入根的最大量养分介质中的浓度 when influx=efflux当进出相等Questions-61、 What is foliar fertilization?The process of nutrient uptake by leaves and other aerial plant organs(也称为根外营养).2、 What are the advantages and disadvantages of foliar fertilization?Advantages ： Preventing the fixation or transformation of nutrients or plant growthregulators insoils防止养分在土壤中固定和转移High uptake rate and immediately involving plant metabolism吸收速度快而且立即参与代谢。
．Disadvantages：补充养分数量有限，不能满足植物对大量元素的需要；效果快， 但持续时间短；一些养分难于从叶片向其他部位运输3、 How to increase the uptake efficiency of nutrients applied by foliar spraying?Nutrient species ； Concentration and pH of nutrients ；Wetting time 润湿时间； Leaf type ；Mobilityof nutrient in plantQuestions-71、 Why the occurrence of calcium deficiency is usually observed in some plants grownin calcareoussoil?2、 Why the earliest visible deficiency symptoms of N, P and K appear in the older leavesof plants?Ca, Fe, Zn, et. al deficiency symptoms appear in younger leaves?N, P and K 在植物体可移动； Ca, Fe, Zn, 在植物体不可移动。
3、 Why boron toxicity of plant is usually observed in the margins of older leaves when theconcentration of boron in soil is very high?4、 Please compare theshortdistancetransportand long distancetransportofnutrientin plant.short distance transport： Pathway： apoplast（质外体）、 symplast（共质体）ong distance transport： Pathway ： xylem ['zailem]木质部、 phloem ['fl?uem]韧皮部5、 Which kinds of nutrientsare mainlytransportedin apoplastinplant?Which nutrientsin symplast?主动吸收的养分以共质体运输为主途径，如K,H2PO4；被动吸收的养分如 Ca，以及以分子态吸收的养分如：B， Si 等以质外体（ apoplast) 途径。
6、Terms: Short distancetransport;long distancetransport； nutrientremobilization;nutrientcycling and recycling in plantShort distance transport：指养分由根表皮细胞进入根内经皮层组织到达中柱的迁移过程，又称为横向运输long distance transport：指养分通过木质部或韧皮部由根部向地上部分或从地上部分向根部的运输，又称为径向运输nutrient remobilization ：器官衰老或外界养分供应不足时养分由其他部位向新生组织转移的现象cycling ： The retranslocation of nutrients in the phloem from the shoots to the root.养分由根→木质部→地上部分→韧皮部→根的循环过程Recycling （再循环）： The translocation 运输 of cycled nutrients back in the xylem to theshoots.Questions-81、 In the growth period of a plant, there usually have several key periods for nutrient uptake,which are very important for plant growth. Please name them.植物营养临界期 (Critical period of plant nutrition) ；植物营养的最大效率期 (Maximum efficiency stage of plant nutrition)2、 There are many environmental factors influencing ion absorption of root. What arethey?Light 、temperature 、water 、pH、aeration3、 Why the responses of various nutrients to通气性、 nutrient concentration and composition the changes of temperature are different?。
4、 Please explain the mechanisms of water stress or deficit on nutrient uptake?5、 When nitrate is absorbed by root, how the medium pH will change? What is situation of ammoniumabsorption? Please explain your answer.- 3R.NH 3NO + 4H+ 3R.NH3NHNO3-N increase NH4+-N generally decrease， + 2OH- 2324 ．6、 Why the excess supply of NH4+ ion usually induces the deficiency of K?离子的竞争作用7、 What is the ionic antagonisms? And ionic synergism?ionic antagonisms （竟争作用） ： One ion species present in excess in the nutrient mediummay depressthe uptake of other ion species is called ion antagonism. 指溶液中某一离子的存在能抑制另一离子吸收的现象。
ionic synergism （协助作用） ： One ion species present in excess in the nutrient mediummay promotethe uptake of other ion species is called ion synergism.指溶液中某一离子的存在能促进另一离子吸收的现象第二章 ：土壤 - 植物中的营养元素Questions-91、 Which factors affect the nutrient contents in soils?Climate 、 biotic activities 、 topography( 地形 ) 、 parent material （母质）、 time 、ertilization( 施肥 )and cultivation( 种植 ) 2、 Explain the forms of nutrients existing in soil.(1) By their physical states ： Solid form 、 Liquid form 、 Gaseous form 2) By their chemical forms ： Organic form 、 inorganic form 、 Ionic form 、 Molecularform。
3、 Define available nutrients in soilThe portion of any element or compound in the soil that can be readily absorbed and assimilatedby growing plants. 在作物生长期间可供作物吸收利用的那一部分土壤养分称为土壤有效养分4、 What factors influence diffusion of nutrient ions to roots in soil? Describe andexplain apractical way of improving the diffusion of nutrient ions.数量：与土壤水分含量及养分浓度有关；养分种类：土壤溶液中含量低的养分， 如 NH4,K+, PO，Mg等 4 由于养分浓度差的存在，导致养分由高浓度向低浓度的迁移过程，称为扩散提高土壤中的养分浓度可以促进扩散5、 Explain the mechanisms of water stress on nutrient availability.6、 What is your opinion as to the relative importance of root interception, simple diffusion, andmass flow in bringing nutrient ions into contact with the absorbing surface of plant roots? Wouldthe importance of these three mechanisms be altered by soil texture? By plant species?Why?7、 Definethefollowingterms:nutrientavailability,mass flow,diffusion,Q/I curve,buffercapacitynutrient availability：土壤全量养分中仅有一部分养分可以为作物吸收利用，这一特性称为土壤养分有效性。
mass flowconvective： Mass flow is the movement of nutrients through the soil to the root in the对流 flow of water caused by plant water absorption. 指由于植物根系吸收水分引起的水流携带的养分由土体向根表的迁移现象Diffusion ： When a concentration gradient exist, net movement occurs by diffusion from locationsof high concentration to locations of low concentration.由于养分浓度差的存在，导致养分由高浓度向低浓度的迁移过程，称为扩散Intensity factor (I)： Which is directly available and represented代表by theconcentration of thesoil solution.强度因素：土壤对养分的保持能力，一般以土壤溶液中养分浓度作为衡量指标。
Quantityfactor(Q) ：Which representsthe amounts of a potential潜在availablenutrient.容量因素：土壤中有效养分的数量buffercapacity缓冲力： The abilityof the soil to maintainthe nutrientintensity,i.e.,the nutrientI△ Q/ △ concentration in the soil solution.B = Questions-101、 Define the rhizosphere, root exudation, allelopathy, mycorrhizae 菌根Rhizosphere ： This part of the soil, which is directly influenced by the roots, is calledrhizosphereand extends about 1 to 2 mmfrom the root surface into the bulk soil (Mengel, 1987, pp-86).由于受植物根系活动影响在物理、化学和生物学性质上不同于土体的那一部分微域土壤称为根际。
或 根际是根系周围受根系直接影响的那一部分微域土壤root exudation 根系分泌物： 根系生长过程中向生长介质中主动或被动地释放不同类型物质（包括根系脱落物）的现象allelopathy ：一些植物的根系分泌物也会对其他植物或其自身产生不良影响，即化学互感作用(Allelopathy)mycorrhizae 菌根： he association, usually symbiotic 共生 , of fungi 真菌 with roots of seed plants.2、 What factors result in the differences between the rhizosphere and bulk soil?Ion concentration、 pH、 Redox (Eh) 、 Root exudation （根系分泌物）3、 Is the concentrations of the ions in rhizosphere always lower than that in the bulksoil? NO 4、 What factors induce the pH change in rhizosphere?mbalance uptake of cations and anion ions，阳离子和阴离子的不平衡吸收N-fixation by leguminous crops（ NH4+, H+ ），豆科作物 N- 固定soil respiration（ CO2），土壤的呼吸作用exudation of organic acids，有机酸的分泌物nutrient stresses（ Fe→ H+, P → organic acids）5、 Describe the possible compositions of root exudates.Gas（ CO,CH）； Proton and inorganic ions 质子和无机离子； Organic matters 。
2226、 Explainthe potential roles of root exudates in plant nutrition.influence nutrient availability in soil by the changes of pH, Eh, or chelating;通过改变根际 pH、 Eh、或螯合作用等，影响养分的有效性；root exudates absorbed by other plants directly;分泌物可以直接为其他植物吸收利用；root exudates inhibit the growth of other plants（ allelopathy） . 分泌物的抑制作用，即化学互感作用7、 Explain the necessary to study the rhizosphere.Questions-113 6、 Compare the nutrition of nitrate1、 Explain the potential gains and losses of the nutrients in agricultural soils.2、Describe the methods of applying the fertilizers. What are the advantages and drawbacksof eachmethod?Soil application 、 Foliar application3、 What are the consequences of inadequate application of fertilizer on the environment?硝酸盐的淋失 （ NO3leaching ）；水体富营养化 （ Eutrophication ）；温室效应（ Greenhouse effect ）；臭氧层的破坏 (Destruction of stratospheric ozone) ；生物多样性的降低（ Decrease ofbiodiversity）。
4、 Define the fertilizers, straight fertilizers, and compound or mixed fertilizer, fertilizer grade,eutrophication.ertilizers ： Any material, except lime, added to soil to supply one or more essential elements. 凡是施入土壤中能够为作物供应养分，改善和提高土壤肥力的物料均可称为肥料 Eutrophication ： Enrichment of waters with nutrients, primarily phosphorus, causingabundant aquatic 水体的 plant growth.fertilizera in nutrients available the of percentage guaranteed minimum Thegradefertilizer(in the forms of N, P2O5 and K2O for N, P and K, respectively).肥料级：最小保证肥料中的养分的百分比。
第三章：植物氮素营养与氮肥Questions-121、 Why nitrogen is so important for plants?its important role in the growth of plant ； N deficiency in soil is very common-+ 2、 What are the main forms of nitrogen uptake by plants? Mainly as the forms of NO-N,NH-N. 43 3、 Describe the basic reduction processes of nitrate in plant.- →-→ +NONONHNitrate reductase （硝酸还原酶）和 Nitrite reductase （亚硝酸还原酶）的作用423 下 4、 What factors affect the contents of nitrate in plants?Depend on plant species, growth periods, and parts of plant, and fertilization, etc.5、 Describe the assimilating processes of ammonium in plant.NH+Oxo acid （酮酸）→ Amino acids （氨基酸） and ammonium for plants.供应硝态氮促进了植物体内有机酸累积；供应不同形态氮素对生长介质 pH 值的影响： 供应硝态 N使 PH升高，供应铵态 N 使 PH降低， 两者适当比例最佳。
7、 Describe the symptoms of nitrogen deficiency of plants, and harmful effects of over-applicationof nitrogen fertilizer.(1) Nitrogen deficiency symptomsYellowing of older leaves (chlorosis)；Stunted growth发育迟缓；Showingdeficiencysymptoms inthe older leaves(2) Symptoms of excessive supply of NWith crops such as cotton, a weakening of the fiber 纤维素 may result. With grain crops,lodgingmay occur;Excessive nitrogen fertilization will also reduce the sugar contents of sugar beets ；may make a plant more susceptible ( 易受影响 )to disease or insect attack;Questions-131、 What are the main forms of nitrogen existed in soils? Organic N （ > 95% ）2、 Compare the occurring conditions of ammonification, nitrification, denitrificationin soils.Ammonification ： can occur in aerobic 有氧 or anaerobic 厌氧 conditions due to thevarious microbesinvolved in the process. 有氧或无氧、多种微生物。
Nitrification ：有氧、硝化细菌和亚硝化细菌Denitrification ：厌氧、反硝化细菌3、 What are the main pathways of nitrogen losses from plant-soil system?NH3-volatilization（氨的挥发作用） 、 Leaching （淋溶作用） 、 Denitrification（反硝化作用）4、 Describe the consequences of nitrogen loss to the quality of environment.NO是温室效应气体，可破坏臭氧层2-5、 What conditionsfavor NO accumulation?2Alkalinityof soil （碱性土壤） 、 High ammonium levels （铵的浓度高） 6、 Define ammonification, Nitrification, denitrification, reactive N.+ Ammonification： soil organic N转化成 NH 的过程。
4Nitrification:the biologicaloxidation of ammonium salts to nitrites and the further oxidationof nitrites to nitrates.铵盐生物氧化生成亚硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐进一步氧化生成硝酸盐Denitrification:the biochemical reduction of nitrate or nitrite to gaseous nitrogen,either asmolecular nitrogenor as an oxideof nitrogen. 硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐经生化反应生成气态的Ｎ、分子Ｎ或氮的氧化物reactive N： NH, NH, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO易反应的 N）1、 What are the three basic processes for the fixation of elemental nitrogen fertilizer5 32422-23-Questions-14used inmanufacture?Direct oxidation of nitrogen； The cyanamide process(氰氨法 ) ； The synthesis ammoniaprocess 铵的合成。
2、 Classify the various forms of nitrogen fertilizers.Ammoniacal fertilizers（铵态氮肥） 、 Nitrate fertilizers（硝态氮肥） 、 Slowly availablefertilizers缓释型Ｎ肥、 Others 3、 What isthe commercial nitrogen fertilizerwith thehighestpercentageof nitrogen?What solidnitrogenous material has the highest percentage of nitrogen?Anhydrousammonia（无水氨）；Urea（ CO(NH)尿素）224、What precaution措施 shouldbe observedin applying ammoniacal nitrogen fertilizers to calcareoussoils?5、Why,specifically,have ammonia forms of nitrogen an acidifying 酸化 effect on the soil?碳酸氢铵、碳酸铵，氯化铵。
解离成离子，铵离子被作物吸收，残留酸根离子于土壤6、 Why is it sometime unwise to apply urea to the surface of the soil?7、 What are the practical ways of improving the agronomic 农艺 effectiveness of urea?8、 Describe the ideal sources of fertilizerforcontrolling nitrogen fertilizer availability? (N+H=NH)322 The technique of application of N fertilizersfertilizer Coatedfertilizers ( 包裹肥料 )nitrogen. What are the major approaches used、 Develop the suitable form of N9、 Define nitrification inhibitor, urease, urease inhibitor, controlled-release fertilizers.第四章：植物磷素营养与磷肥Questions-151、 What are the basic functions of P in plants?P and C-metabolism ： Photosynthesis 光合作用、 Synthesis of carbonhydrates 、Translocation ofphotosynthates/carbohydrates 、 Respiration 呼吸作用P and N- metabolism ：硝酸盐的转化、 N 同化、豆科植物 N 的固定P and 脂肪 Lipid-metabolism;Other functions of P in plant:Improving the stress resistances （抵抗力） of plants( 抗旱、抗热、抗 PH）2、 What are the major roles of phytin （植素） in plants?Phytin is formed during seed formation （种子的形成过程中形成的植素） . P in phytin formin seedis regarded as a P reserve （储备） . During seed germination （萌芽） phytin P is mobilized（调动） and converted （改变） into other phosphate forms needed in the metabolism ofyoung plants.Describe the possible role of P in N uptake and metabolic processes of plants.、 3．P 参与硝酸盐的转化、 N 同化、豆科植物 N 的固定。
P 参与了转氨基作用， C 架的合成，氨基酸和蛋白质的合成4、 What are the main forms of P uptake by plants? 正磷酸盐5、 Describe the symptoms of P deficiency of plants.植株矮小、直立 ，叶色暗绿或灰绿，症状首先从下部老叶表现出来6、 The yield of plant suffering from P deficiency is low, and quality is poor. Why?因为 P 参与了作物的光合作用和蛋白质的合成，直接影响了作物的产量和质量Questions-161、 Is organic P the major form of P existed in mineral soil?No ， mineral soil ： Mineral P（ Organic P 占 10%-50%； Mineral P 占 50%-90% of total P in soil 2、 How to divide or group the mineral P in soil?Fe、 Al、 Ca 的化合物3、 What are the various mechanisms of phosphate retention or fixation in acid mineralsoil? andin calcareous mineral soil?。