The chinese meteria medica 《shen nong’s Herbal Classic》Authentic medicinal materials 地道药材（active ingvedients有效成分 curative effects治疗效果）炮制Preparation 目的aims：High effects low toxicity convenience制药方法Methods ：1. Purification （修制）2.Preparation with water 3.Preparation with fire 4.Preparation with water and fire（水火共制）Drug Properties：药性Four natures：cold hot warm cool 寒热温凉Five flavors：pungent sweet sour bitter salty 辛甘酸苦咸Warm and hot drugs’effects ：温热药一般功效1. 温经通络：warming and clearing the channels2. 温里散寒：warming the interior to disperse cold3. 补火助阳：supplementing fire to support Yang4. 温阳利水：warming Yang to induce（引导）diuresis(多尿)5. 回阳救逆：recuperating(恢复)depleted(空虚)Yang to rescue(救)patients from collapse(崩溃) Cold and cool drugs: 寒凉药一般功效1. 清热泻火：clearing heat to purge fire2. 凉血解毒：removing heat from blood to eliminate toxicity3. 清热润肠：purging heat to relax the bowels4. 利水通痢：inducing diuresis to treat stranguria5. 去心肝火：removing heat from the heart and liver用药原则：to treat cold syndrome with hot and to treat heat syndrome with cold drugs相须 synergism 相使 assisting 相畏相杀 restraint相恶 antagonism 相反 increasing toxicity禁忌症 contraindications 适用症 indications药性不同煎药方法各异：1. 先煎 to be decocted ahead (minerals and shell 矿物 贝类)2. 后下 to be decocted later （peppermint 薄荷 ）3. 包煎 to be wrapped for decoction (talc云母 plantain seed车前草 inula flower菊花)4. 另煎 to be decocted alone （ginseng人参 american ginseng西洋参rhinoceros horn犀牛角）5. 开水送服 to be taken following infusion with warm boiled-water（cinnaar朱砂）6. 烊化 to be melted (donkey-hide gelation 驴皮胶)服用方法：methods of taking For decoction,generally one dose is decocted and take tow times each day每日一剂 一剂两次药水liquid medicine 贴剂patch 药膏ointment 膏药plaster 止痛药pain-killer 滴剂drop[自汗：spontaneous perspiration 盗汗：night sweating]第一章 解表药：Drugs for relieving exterior syndromes此类药多味辛（pungent in flavour）质轻(light in quality)入肺经和体表（acting on lung channels and the superficies of the body）味辛能够驱散(dispersion)质轻能够生发(lifting and floating)This type of drugs can expel(驱走) pathogenic factors from the superficies or relieve(消除)exterior syndromes by diaphoresis(发汗)第一节 辛温解表药：Drugs pungent in flavour and warm in nature for relieving exterior syndromes主要功效（main effects）：Dispersing pathogenic wind-cold(发散风热)主要症状（symptoms）：aversion to cold(恶寒) anhidrosis(无汗) fever, headache, tasteless tongue with white fur(苔白无味觉)第一味 麻黄药性(Properties)：pungent and slightly bitter in flavour(味辛微苦)warm in nature(性温)acting on the lung and urinary bladder channels(入肺、膀胱经)功效(Effects)：inducing sweating to dispel exopathogens(发汗解表) facilitating the circulation of lung-Qi to relieve asthma(宣肺平喘)inducing diuresis to remove edema(利水消肿)第二味 桂枝功效：inducing sweating to dispel exopathogens(发汗解表)warming the channels to clear obstruction(温经通脉)reinforcing Yang to promote Qi flow(助阳化气)第三味 白芷：（治头痛之要药）功效：expelling wind and dispel exopathogens(祛风解表)clearing passage(通鼻窍)relieving pain(止痛)removing dampness and arresting leukorrhea(燥湿止带)eliminating swelling and draining pus(消肿排脓)第四味 生姜：功效：inducing sweating to dispel exopathogens(发汗解表)warming the middle Jiao to arrest vomiting(温中止呕)warming the lung to relieve cough(温肺止咳)荆芥：inducing sweating to dispel exopathogens(发汗解表)dispersing pathogenic wind and arresting bleeding(祛风止血)防风：dispersing pathogenic wind and dispel exopathogens(祛风解表) relieving pain and spasm(止痛止痉)第二节 辛凉解表药：Drugs pungent in flavour and cool in nature for relieving exterior syndromes多用于治疗wind-heat type of exterior syndromes(风热表证)[麻疹（germen measles）风疹（measles）]第一味 薄荷：药性：pungent in flavour(味辛)cool in nature(性凉)acts on the lung and liver channels(入肺肝经)功效：dispersing wind-heat(疏散风热)easing sore throat and promoting eruption(利咽透疹)Soothing the liver and alleviating mental depression(疏肝解郁)第二味 柴胡：（治寒热往来之要药）功效：dispel exopathogens to clear heat(解表退热) Soothing the liver and alleviating mental depression(疏肝解郁)elevating Yang and Qi(开举阳气)第三味 菊花：功效：dispersing wind-heat(疏散风热)purging heat from the liver and imprving eyesight(清肝明目)clearing heat and removing toxins(清热解毒)第二章 清热药：Heat-Clearing Drugs主要功效：The maior functions of these drugs include clearing heat and purging fire(intense heat).（清热去火）to cool the blood Detoxicating. .(凉血解读) Resolving swelling and heat syndromes （消肿去热）due to deficiency（虚）. 主治内热(interior heat-syndromes):excessive heat in the Qi and the blood,interior heat of Zang and Fu,fever due to Yin deficiency,dysentery(痢疾)and carbuncle(疮痈).第一节 清热泻火药Heat-Clearing and Fire-purging Drugs功效：clear away the excessive(过度的) heat in the Qi and purge the lung-and stomach-fire 第一味 石膏（性寒质重 非实热者不宜）药性：pungent and sweet inflavour,cold in nature,acts on the lung and stomach channelsIt is one of the important drugs for treating the syndromes of excessive heat in the Qi sysstem,cogh and asthma(喘) caused by intense heat and excess of stomach fire.功效：Clearing away heat and fire(清热解火)relieving restlessness and thirst(除烦止渴)promoting the regeneration of the tissue and wound healing(促进组织再生 伤口愈合)第二味 知母功效：Clearing away heat and fire,nourishing the Yin and moisturizing(湿润) dryness(滋阴润燥)第三味 芦根功效：cleearing heat,promoting the production of body fluid(清热生津)relieving restlessness and arresting vomiting(除烦止呕)第四味 天花粉功效：clearing heat,promoting the production of body fluid(清热生津)subduing swellings and draining pus(消肿排脓)第五味 栀子功效：purging fire and relieving dysphoria(泻火除烦)cooling blood and detoxication(凉血解毒)clearing heat and promoting diuresis(清热利湿)第六味 夏枯草功效：clearing up liver-heat and purging fire(清肝泻火)subduing swelling and resolving hard lumps(消肿散结)第七味 决明子功效:removing intensive heat from the liver and improving vision(清肝明目)moisturizing intestine and eazing the bowels(润肠通便)第二节 清热燥湿药 Heat-Clearing and Dampness-Drying Drugs功效：to clear heat and remove dampness and most of them act as fire-purging and detoxicating drugs.（清热解毒药）第一味 黄芩（安胎圣药）功效：clearing heat and fire(清热去火)eliminating dampness and detoxicating(燥湿解毒)stopping bleeding and preventing miscarriage(流产)（止血安胎）第二味 黄连 功效：Clearing away heat,dampness and fire and detoxicating toxins(清热燥湿去火解毒)第三味 黄柏（同黄连）第四味 龙胆草功效：clearing heat and dampness(清热燥湿)purging fire in the liver and gallbladder(泻肝胆火)第五味 苦参功效：clearing heat and dampness(清热燥湿)destroying intestinal parasites(寄生虫) and relieving itching(杀虫止痒)inducing diuresis(利尿)第三节 清热凉血药 Heat-Clearing and Blood-Cooling Drugs药性：cold in property and acts on the blood systems主治：high fever, restlessness(烦躁不安) dry and deep red tongue, flooding of blood heat and wind syndrome cause by extreme heat第一味 犀牛角功效：clearing heat and cool the blood(清热凉血)detoxicating and arresting convulsion(解毒镇惊)第二味 水牛角（犀牛角替代品 功效逊于犀牛角）第三味 生地黄 功效：clearing away heat and cooling the blood(清热凉血)nourishing Yin and promoting production of body fluid.(养阴生津) 第四味 玄参功效：clearing away heat and cooling the blood(清热凉血)detoxicating and dissolving lumps(解毒散结) nourishing Yin and purging the fire(滋阴去火)第五味 牡丹皮(痛经 闭经)特点：Cooling blood and stop bleeding with out stasis(止血不留瘀)功效：cooling the blood(凉血)promoting blood circulation and relieving blood stasis(活血化瘀)第四节 清热解毒药 Heat-Clearing and Detoxicating Drugs药效：clearing away heat,detoxicating,subduing swellings and dissolving lumps(清热解毒 消肿散结)第一味 金银花（表里双解 外感风寒 温病初期）功效：clearing away heat,detoxicating,expelling wind-heat(除风热)[银翘散（金银花 连翘 薄荷）]第二味 连翘（与金银花相须为用 创家圣药the holy medicine for doctors to cure sores）功效：clearing away heat,detoxicating,subduing swellings and dissolving lumps(清热解毒 消肿散结)dispelling win-heat第三味 蒲公英功效：clearing away heat,detoxicating(清热解毒)subduing swellings(散结) removing dampness by diuresis for treating stranguria(尿淋沥) （祛湿利水）第四味 紫花地丁（叮毒furunculosis 毒蛇咬伤 snake-bite）功效：clearing away heat,detoxicating,(清热解毒)treating boils(烫伤) and dissolving lumps(散结)第五味 大青叶功效：clearing away heat,detoxicating (清热解毒) removing blood heat and ecchymoses(凉血祛斑)第六味 鱼腥草 （治肺痛之要药）An important medicine for treating pulmonary(肺部的) abscess(脓肿)第七味 败酱草 （肠痈要药）It is good at treating the accumulation (积累)of noxious heat(毒热)in the large intestine第八味 马齿苋 （清肠止痢curing dysentery）第四节 清虚热药 Drugs for Clearing Heat of Deficiency Type第一味 青蒿功效：clearing away heat of deficiency type(清虚热)relieving summer heat and preventing attack of malaria（祛暑防疟）第二味 地骨皮（枸杞根皮）功效：bringing down heat of Yin-deficiency（降阴虚热）removing lung-fire(去肝火)第三章 泻下药 Purgative Drugs(入大肠经)药效：loosening the bowels and eliminating stagnation(润肠排积),clearing heat and purging fire,dispelling fluid retention and reducing edema.（利水消肿）第一节 攻下药 Purgtives第一味 大黄药性：bitter in flavour,cold in nature,acts on the spleen,stomach,large intestine,heart and liver channels. 药效：It is an important herb for constipation(便秘)due to accumulation(积累) of heat of excess type,and gastro-intestinal fecal impaction(胃肠食积) due to heat.功效：purging heat and looseing the boeels(泻热通便)removing heat from the blood and clearing toxins(凉血解毒)promoting blood circulation to relieve blood stasis(破血逐瘀)第二节 润下药 Laxatives第一味 麻子仁 （moistening the bowels to relieve constipation 润肠通便）第三节 峻下逐水药 Drastic Hydrogagues第一味 甘遂 （有毒 不溶于水）功效：removing water retention(写下逐水)subduing swelling and masses(消肿散结)第二味 牵牛子 功效：removing water retention(写下逐水)subduing swelling and masses(消肿散结)and being parasiticidal(杀虫)第四章 温里药 Drugs for Warming the Inteior药性：mainly pungent in flavour,and warm and hot in nature.药效：warm viscera(温脏腑)disperse cold and alleviate pain（散寒止痛）Some of these drugs can recuperate depleted Yang to rescue patients from collapse.(回阳救逆)第一味 附子（阳痿Impoten遗精Spermatorrhea大出血hemora）功效：supplementing fire and Yang(补火助阳) disperse cold and alleviate pain（散寒止痛）recuperate depleted Yang to rescue patients from collapse.(回阳救逆)第二味 肉桂功效：supplementing fire and Yang(补火助阳) disperse cold and alleviate pain（散寒止痛）Conducting the fire back to its origin(引火归原)第三味 干姜功效：warming the middle-jiao and disperse cold(温中散寒) recuperate depleted Yang to rescue patients from collapse.(回阳救逆)warming the lung and removing fluid retention(温肺化饮)第四味 丁香（止呕）功效：warming the middle-jiao,lowering the adverse rising(降逆止呕)warming the kidney and supporting Yang(温肾助阳)第五章 理气药 Drugs for Regulating Qi药效：promoting Qi circulaion and treating stagnation of Qi第一味 陈皮（桔皮 中焦寒性气滞）功效：promoting Qi circulaion and strengthening the spleen (行气健脾)eliminating dampness and relieving phlegm(燥湿化痰)第二味 青皮 （未成熟桔子的果实 或 皮 比陈皮药效强）功效：relieving stagnation of Qi and soothing the liver(疏肝破气)promoting digestion and resolving food retention(消积化滞)第三味 枳实 （橙子幼果）功效：relieving Qi stagnation and food retention(破气导滞)resolving phlegm and masses(化痰消痞)第四味 沉香功效：promoting Qi circulaion and alleviating pain(行气止痛)lowering adverse flow of Qi and arresting vomiting(降逆止呕)helping inspiration and relieving asthma(纳气平喘)第六章 活血化瘀药 Drugs for Promoting Blood Circulation and Relieving Blood Stasis药效：promoting blood flow to regulate menstruation(活血调经)stasis breaking and lumps resolving(破血散结)removing blood stasis and relieving pain(化瘀止痛)subduing swelling and promoting tissue regeneration(消肿 促进组织再生)第一味 川芎 （头痛要药 血中之气药）功效：Promoting Blood Circulation and flow of Qi(活血行气)dispelling wind and relieving pain(祛风止痛)第二味 丹参（心绞痛）功效：Promoting Blood Circulation and Relieving Blood Stasis(活血化瘀)clearing heat from the blood and resolving swelling(凉血消痈)tranquilizing the mind(安神定志)第三味 益母草（月经）功效：Promoting Blood Circulation to regulate menstruation(活血调经)subsiding edema by inducing diuresis(利水消肿)第四味 桃仁 功效：Promoting Blood Circulation by removing blood stasis，lubricating the bowels to relieve constipation(润肠通便)第五味 红花功效：Promoting Blood Circulation by removing blood stasis，regulating menstruation and relieving pain(调经止痛)第六味 牛膝（妇科调经）功效：Promoting Blood Circulation and restoring menstruation(活血通经)conducting downward flow of heat(引火下行)inducing diuresis to treat strangury(利水通淋)tonifying the liver and kidney(补肝肾)第七味 穿山甲（催乳）功效：invigorating channels and collaterals to promote lactation(通经下乳) subduing swelling and draining pus(消肿排脓)第八味 五灵脂（鼯鼠的粪便 包煎 妇科止痛）功效：Promoting Blood Circulation to relieve pain(活血止痛)stoping bleeding by removing the blood stasis(止血化瘀)第七章化痰止咳平喘药 Drugs Resolving Phlegm and Relieving Cough and Asthma第一节 温化寒痰药drugs relieving cold-phlegm by warming第一味 半夏（止胃气上逆）功效：clearing dampness to reduce phlegm(燥湿化痰)lowering the adverse Qi to stop vomiting(降逆止呕)第二味 天南星（治疗风痰顽症之要药 有毒 药效大于半夏）功效：clearing dampness to reduce phlegm(燥湿化痰)dispelling wind and relieve spasm(祛风解痉)第三味 禹白附（中风 面瘫 头面部的痰阻经络）药效：removing wind-phlegm in head and face and pathogens of cold and dampness第四味 桔梗（开肺气 通二便）药效：引药上行(introduce drugs in to lungs)常作为引经药（channel-guiding drug）第五味 旋覆花（质地轻 但作用下 包煎）功效：lowering the adversely upward flowing of Qi and relieving vomiting(降逆止呕)Resolving phlegm(化痰)第二节 清化热痰药Drugs for Clearing Heat-phlegm第一味 瓜蒌 功效：clearing away heat and resolving phlegm(清热化痰)soothing the chest oppression to promote Qi circulation(宽胸利气)moistening and relaxing the bowels(润肠通便)第二味 贝母（川贝 浙贝）功效：resolving phlegm and relieving cough(化痰止咳)clearing heat and congestion(清热散结)第三味 前胡（表里同治 外感风热 内又热痰）功效：sending down abnormally ascending Qi to resolve phlegm(降气化痰)expelling wind-heat(疏散风热)第四味 竹茹（竹子中间层）功效：removing heat-phlegm(清热化痰)relieving restlessness and vomiting(除烦止呕)第五味 竹沥（竹子的烤汁 澄清的淡黄色）功效：removing heat-phlegm(清化热痰)arresting convulsion(定惊)第六味 海藻（甲亢）功效：removing heat-phlegm(清化热痰)relieving hard lumps(软坚散结)and diuretic(利水消肿)第六味 昆布（海带 与海藻相须为用 ）功效：relieving hard lumps(软坚散结)and diuretic(利水消肿)第三节 止咳平喘药 Drugs for relieving cough and asthma第一味 苦杏仁（苦降肺气 甜杏仁无药效 富含油脂所以润肠通便）功效：relieving cough and asthma（止咳平喘）lubricating the bowels to relieve constipation(润肠通便)第二味 百部（单入肺经 蛲虫病[小儿肛周] 阴道滴虫[煎汤熏洗]）功效：moistening the lung and relieving cough(润肺止咳)killing worms and insects,including louse(杀虫灭虱)第三味 紫菀 （咳且有痰者）功效：nourishing the lung to send the adverse Qi downward(润肺下气)relieving cough and asthma(止咳平喘)第四味 款冬花（冬季采摘 与紫菀相须为用）（功效同紫菀）第五味 紫苏子 （富含油脂 ）功效：send the adverse Qi downward(润肺下气)clearing phlegm,relieving cough and asthma(化痰止咳平喘)relaxing the bowels to relieve constipation(润肠通便)第六味 桑白皮（药效平缓 儿科常用 利水作用强 皮类药有利水消肿之功效）功效：purging lung-heat to relieve asthma(泻肺平喘)diuresis to eliminate edema(利水消肿)第八章平肝息风药 Drugs for Calming the Liver and Checking wind药效：clearing away the heat from liver and checking exuberance of Yang(平肝潜阳)calming the endogenous(内生的) wind and relieving convulsion(息风止痉)第一味 石决明 （明目）功效：clearing the liver-yang and checking exuberance of Yang(平肝潜阳) clearing away the heat from liver to improve vision(清肝明目)第二味 珍珠母（入心经）功效：clearing the liver-yang and checking exuberance of Yang(平肝潜阳)clearing liver-heat to improve vision(清肝明目)relieving palpitation and tranquilizing(镇惊安神)第三味 代赭石 （赤铁矿 三氧化二铁）功效：clearing the liver-yang and checking exuberance of Yang(平肝潜阳 生用)checking and descending the upward rebellious Qi(重镇降逆 生用)removing heat from blood and stop bleeding(凉血止血 煅用)第四味 羚羊角（多用于儿科 退高热 抗惊厥 仅次于蜈蚣 全蝎）功效：calming the liver to check endogenous(内生的) wind(平肝息风) clearing away the heat from liver to improve vision(清肝明目)and clearing away heat and toxins from the blood(凉血解毒)第五味 牛黄（牛胆结石 安宫牛黄丸）功效：cheching endogenous(内生的) wind to relieve convulsion(息风止痉)resolving phlegm to clear orifice and induce resuscitation(化痰开窍)clearing away heat and toxins(清热解毒)第六味 天麻（治眩晕之要药 高血压 入肝经）功效：calming the liver to check endogenous(内生的) wind(平肝息风)clearing obstruction in the channels to expel evil-wind(祛风通络)第七味 地龙（蚯蚓 中风失语 利尿 入膀胱经）功效：clearing away heat to arrest convulsion(清热止痉)relieving asthma and the obstruction in the channels(平喘通络)第八味 僵蚕（蚕感染白僵菌后入药 面瘫）功效：expelling the wind and relaxing spasm(息风止痉)dispersing the wind-heat(疏散风热)Resolving phlegm and congestion(化痰散结)第九章 补虚药Tonics for Deficiency Syndromes药效：with their effects of tonifying(补养) Qi,bllod,Yin,Yang,tonics are indicated for all types of deficiency syndromes caused by deficienncy of Qi,blood,Yin and Yang.第一节 补气药 Drugs for Invigorating Qi第一味 人参（加附子 回阳救逆）功效：invigorating Qi and treat collapes(益气固脱)reinforcing the spleen,nourishing the lung(补脾益肺)promoting the production of the body fluid,quenchingthirst(生津止渴)tranquilizing the mind and improving intelligence(安神益智)第二味 党参功效：reinforcing the spleen,tonifying the lung(补脾肺气)nourishing blood and promoting the production of the body fluid(养血生津)第三味 西洋参（花旗参 凉性）功效：invigorating Qi,nourishing Yin(补气养阴)clearing heat and promoting the generation of the body fluid(清热生津)第四味 黄芪（疮家圣药）It is an important herb used to treat deficiency of the lung,lingering cough(久咳),deficiency of the spleen and stomach,and sinking of Qi in the middle-jiao.功效：invigorating Qi to elevate Yang(补气升阳)consolidating superficies to stop sweating(固表止汗)inducing diuresis to remove edema(利水退肿)and promoting healing of sore to regenerate tissue(脱疮生肌)第五味 白术（燥湿）功效：invigorating Qi and consolidating superficies(益气固表)removing dampness and inducing diuresis(燥湿利水)preventing miscarrage(安胎)第六味 山药功效：invigorating Qi,nourishing Yin(补气养阴)controlling spermatorrhea and reducing urination(涩精缩尿)第七味 甘草（调和药性 生用解毒 甘草绿豆汤）功效：tonyfing the heart and spleen(补益心脾)moistening the lung to arrest cough(润肺止咳)purging fire to remove toxins(清热解毒)relieving spasm to alleviate pain(缓急止痛)and moderating other herbs(调和诸药)第二节 补血药 Blood Tonics第一味 熟地黄（补血第一要药 与当归相须 ）功效：replenishing blood and tonifying Yin（补血滋阴）第二味 何首乌功效：replenishing the liver and kidney(补肝肾)enriching vital essence and blood(补益精血)lubricating the bowels and clearing away toxins(润肠解毒)第三味 当归（月经病 补而不滞）功效：tonifying blood,promoting blood circulation(补血活血)regulating menstruation and alleviating pain(调经止痛) lubricating the bowels to relieve constipation(润肠通便)第四味 白芍（肝阳上亢）功效：tonifying blood and regulating menstruation(补血调经)suppressing[抑制] hyperactivity[亢进] of liver-yang(平肝潜阳)astringing Yin to arrest sweating(敛阴止汗)第五味 阿胶（脾胃虚者慎用）功效：replenishing blood and stoping bleeding(补血止血)nourishing Yin and moistening the lung(滋阴润肺)第三节 滋阴药Yin Tonics第一味 沙参（肺胃阴虚）功效：nourishing Yin to clear heat from the lung(养阴清肺)tonifying the stomach to promote the production of the body fluid(养胃生津)第二味 麦冬（可代茶饮）功效：nourishing Yin and moistening the lung(滋阴润肺) tonifying the stomach to promote the production of the body fluid(养胃生津)dispelling heat from the heart and relieving vexation(清心排忧)第三味 枸杞子（地道药材 宁夏枸杞）功效：reinforcing the kidney to benefit essence(补肾益精)tonifying the liver to improve vision(养肝明目)第四味 墨旱莲功效：tonifying the liver and kidney(滋补肝肾)and clearing heat from blood to stop bleeding(凉血止血)第四节 补阳药 Yang Tonics阳痿impotence 射精 ejaculation 早泄premature ejaculatio 月经不调irregular menstruation 眩晕dizziness 耳鸣tinnitus 失眠insomnis 痴呆amnesia 四肢无力weak extremities第一味 鹿茸（雄鹿 带茸毛的幼角 春 初夏 采）功效：reinforcing kidney-yang(补肾阳)supplementing essence and blood(益精血)strengthening muscles and bones(强筋骨)第二味 淫羊藿（先灵脾）功效：tonifying the kidney amd invigorating Yang(补肾助阳) strengthening muscles and bones(强筋骨)dispelling wind and dampness(祛风除湿)第三味 胡桃仁功效：tonifying the kidney and nourishing the lung(补肾益肺)helping inspiration to relieve asthma(纳气平喘)moistening the intestine and relaxing bowels(润肠通便)第四味 冬虫夏草（虫感染菌类 死亡后的 虫草共生体）功效：supplementing the lung and kidney(补肾益肺)stoping cough and relieving asthma(止咳平喘) 。