书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-中国人民解放军陆军装甲兵学院考试易错、难点名师剖析押密卷（附带答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题Many years had ______ before they returned to their original urban areas.问题1选项A.floatedB.elapsedC.skippedD.proceeded【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. floated浮动，漂流 B. elapsed（时间）消逝，流逝C. skipped蹦蹦跳跳地走 D. proceeded继续做（或从事、进行）【考查点】动词辨析解题思路】根据many years（许多年）可知，此处表示“时间的消逝”，所以该题选择B项正确干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。
句意】许多年过去了，他们才回到原来的城市地区2.不定项选择题The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.1. In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to ______.2. According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that ______.3. The phrase “function in the disservice of one another” (Para 1) most probably means “______”.4. The author indicates in the passage that conflict ______.5. The passage is probably intended to answer the question “______”.问题1选项A.argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societiesB.smooth out the conflicts in human societiesC.distinguish between two kinds of oppositionD.summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation问题2选项A.it results in war in most casesB.it induces efforts to expand territoryC.it is a kind of opposition among social entitiesD.it is essentially a struggle for existence问题3选项A.betray each otherB.harm one anotherC.help to collaborate with each otherD.benefit one another问题4选项A.is an inevitable struggle resulting from competitionB.reflects the struggle among social animalsC.is an opposition among individual social entitiesD.can be avoided问题5选项A.Is war inevitable?B.Why is there conflict and competition?C.Is conflict desirable?D.Can competition lead to conflict?【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.【选项释义】1. In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to ______. 1. 在第一段，作者给出了一些术语的定义，以便______。
A. argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societies A. 论证动物社会和人类社会之间的相似性B. smooth out the conflicts in human societies B. 消除人类社会中的冲突C. distinguish between two kinds of opposition C. 区分两种对立D. summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation D. 总结对立与合作的特点【考查点】推理判断题解题思路】根据文章第一段倒数第二句“这些定义是必要的，因为必须强调的是在一个资源有限的世界中，个人或群体之间的竞争是不可避免的，但冲突不是”可推断，作者在文章开头对竞争和冲突下定义的目的是为了指出这两者的区别，所以C项“区分两种对立”正确干扰项排除】A项“论证动物社会和人类社会之间的相似性”，文章的中心是为了解释冲突和竞争，A项表述与中心不符，属于曲解原文；B项“消除人类社会中的冲突”，文章没有指出要消除人类社会的冲突，属于无中生有；D项“总结对立与合作的特点”，文中没有对合作进行详细说明，该项曲解原文。
2.【选项释义】2. According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that ______. 2. 作者认为，竞争与冲突的区别在于______A. it results in war in most cases A. 在大多数情况下，这会导致战争B. it induces efforts to expand territory B. 这引发了扩张领土的努力C. it is a kind of opposition among social entities C. 这是社会实体之间的一种对立D. it is essentially a struggle for existence D. 这本质上是一场生存斗争【考查点】细节事实题解题思路】根据第二段前两句“许多作家根据动物世界为生存而进行的斗争中存在着适者生存的规律这一前提，论证战争是不可避免的然而，一般来说，这种斗争在自然界中是竞争，而不是冲突可知，竞争和冲突的区别在于，竞争是为了生存而进行的斗争，所以D项“这本质上是一场生存的斗争”正确干扰项排除】A项“在大多数情况下，这会导致战争”在文章没有进行说明，属于无中生有；B项“这引发了扩张领土的努力”根据最后一段最后一句“诚然，这种竞争可能导致以牺牲他人为代价的领土扩张，从而导致冲突”可知，这是竞争的结果，不是竞争和冲突的区别，该项属于曲解原文；C项“这是社会实体之间的一种对立”这是竞争的定义，不是其区别，该项偷换概念。
3.【选项释义】3. The phrase “function in the disservice of one another” (Para 1) most probably means “______”. 3. 第一段中的短语“function in the disservice of one another”最有可能是“______”的意思A. betray each other A. 互相背叛B. harm one another B. 互相伤害C. help to collaborate with each other C. 帮助彼此合作D. benefit one another D. 互相受益【考查点】词义推测题解题思路】根据题干定位到文章的第一段第五句“冲突和竞争都是对立的范畴，对立被定义为社会实体相互损害（function in the disservice of one another）的过程”，结合第六句指出“因此，对立与合作形成对比，合作是社会实体相互服务（function in the service of one another）的过程”可知disservice 是service的相反意思；因此可知disservice 是带有负面感情色彩的词，所以可以推断disservice表示“帮倒忙的行为，伤害”等，故该题选择B项“互相伤害”符合题意。
干扰项排除】C项“帮助彼此合作”和D项“互相受益”根据解题思路可知，这两项属于反向干扰；A项“互相背叛”根据解题思路可知，属于曲解原文4.【选项释义】4. The author indicates in the passage that conflict ______. 4. 作者在文中指出，冲突______A. is an inevitable struggle resulting from competition A. 是由于竞争而产生的一种不可避免的斗争B. reflects the struggle among social animals B. 反映了群居动物之间的斗争C. is an opposition among individual social entities C. 是个体社会实体之间的对立D. can be avoided D. 可以避免【考查点】推理判断题解题思路】根据第一段最后两句“这些定义是必要的，因为必须强调的是在一个资源有限的世界中，个人或群体之间的竞争是不可避免的，但冲突不是然而，冲突很可能发生，而且可能是人类社会的一个基本和可取的因素可知，竞争的发生是不可避免的，但冲突不是不可避免的，也就是说冲突虽然可能发生，但是可以避免，所以该题选择D项“可以避免”。
干扰项排除】A项“是由于竞争而产生的一种不可避免的斗争”文章没有明确指出冲突是竞争导致的，而且文章指出冲突是可以避免的，该项曲解原文；B项“反映了群居动物之间的斗争”根据第二段第二句“然而，一般来说，这种斗争在自然界中是竞争，而不是冲突”可知，竞争才反映了群居动物之间的斗争，该项曲解原文；C项“是个体社会实体之间的对立”是冲突的定义，并不是作者的观点，属于出处错位5.【选项释义】5. The passage is probably intended to answer the question “______”. 5. 这篇文章可能是要回答“______”这个问题A. Is war inevitable? A. 战争是不可避免的吗？B. Why is there conflict and competition? B. 为什么会有冲突和竞争？C. Is conflict desirable? C. 冲突是可取的吗？D. Can competition lead to conflict? D. 竞争会导致冲突吗？【考查点】主旨大意题解题思路】文章开头给出了本文的中心问题“战争是否不可避免是世界上许多伟大作家所关心的问题”，然后文章最后一句话又强调了“不能说国家之间的战争式冲突是不可避免的，尽管竞争是不可避免的”，综合理解可知，这篇文章讨论的问题是“战争能够避免”，所以A项“战争不可避免吗？”符合题意。
干扰项排除】B项“为什么会有冲突和竞争？”、C项“冲突是可取的吗？”和D项“竞争会导致冲突吗？”表述不够全面，属于以偏概全3.填空题Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer each question in English. Write down your answer on ANSWER SHEET.A language is a system of sounds, gestures, or characters used by humans to communicate their ideas and feelings. There are about 4,000 spoken languages in the world. Some are spoken by millions of people. Other languages have only a few speakers.All languages have rules for forming words and for ordering those words in sentences. In written languages, meaning is expressed through a system of characters and rules for combining those characters. In spoken languages, meaning is expressed through a system of sounds and rules for combining those sounds. Many deaf people use sign languages, in which gestures do the work of the sound system of spoken languages.Word order is more important in English than it is in some other languages, such as Russian. The sound system is very important in Chinese and in many languages spoken in West Africa.Languages are always changing, but they change very slowly. People invent new words for their language, borrow words from other languages, and change the meanings of words as needed. For example, the English word byte was invented by computer specialists in 1959. The English word tomato was borrowed from Nahuat, an American Indian language spoken in Mexico. The English word meat once referred to food in general.There are several major language families in the world. The languages in each family are related, and scientists think they came from the same parent family. Language families come in different sizes. The Austronesian family contains at least 500 languages, including Pilipino, Malay, and Maori. The Basque language, spoken in northern Spain, is the only member of its language family.The Indo-European language family contains 55 languages, including English, German, Spanish, Russian, and Hindi. Another language family is Sino-Tibetan, which includes Chinese, Burmese, and Tibetan. The Afro-Asiatic family includes Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic. There are about 150 American Indian languages spoken today. These languages have many differences and have been divided into more than 50 language families.People learn languages by listening, copying what they hear, and using the language. Most children learn their first languages easily, and sometimes other languages as well. Adults often must work harder at learning a second language.1. How many languages are spoken all over the world?2. What are the language rules for?3. How is meaning expressed in sign language?4. What is more important in English compared with other languages?5. Which language is the only member of its language family?【答案】1.About 4,000 spoken languages.2.Forming words and ordering those words in sentences.3.By gestures.4.Word order.5.The Basque language.【解析】1.【选项释义】1. How many languages are spoken all over the world? 1. 世界上有多少种语言？【考查点】细节事实题。
解题思路】第一段第二句提到“世界上大约有4000种语言”可知，答案为“大约4000种”2.【选项释义】2. What are the language rules for? 2. 语言规则是什么？【考查点】细节事实题解题思路】根据第二段第一句“所有的语言都有构词和排列句子的规则”可知，语言规则是“构词和排列句子”3.【选项释义】3. How is meaning expressed in sign language? 3. 如何用手语表达意思？【考查点】细节事实题解题思路】根据第二段最后一句“许多聋人使用手语，在手语中，手势起到了口语声音系统的作用”可知，聋人通过手势表达自己的意思4.【选项释义】4. What is more important in English compared with other languages? 4. 与其他语言相比，英语中什么更重要？【考查点】细节事实题解题思路】根据第三段第一句“词序在英语中比在其他一些语言中更重要，比如俄语”可知，英语中词序更重要5.【选项释义】5. Which language is the only member of its language family? 5. 哪一种语言是其语系的唯一成员？【考查点】细节事实题。
解题思路】根据第五段最后一句“西班牙北部使用的巴斯克语是该语系的唯一成员”可知，巴斯克语是其语系的唯一成员4.翻译题There is nothing worse than someone who is always late. Lateness can be a charming eccentricity—for a little while. The trouble is that Mr. or Mrs. Unpunctual soon starts causing inconvenience to other people. That’s when the cheerful acceptance gives way to scorn and resentment.It’s surprising how far the unpunctual person will go to inconvenience others. (1) For example, after accepting the offer of a lift to work the following morning, he or she will fail to turn up at the pick-up spot at the agreed time. There’s sure to be a convincing reason: lost door keys, a child with whooping cough, a cat stuck up an apple tree...The giver of the lift makes sure he’s not late. He’s made the offer and now he feels responsible for it; come what maybe must keep his word. On the other hand, the person who’s receiving the favor feels free to turn up 10, 15 or 30 minutes after the time which had been agreed on. For him or her they are minutes of hurried activity earning the right to chauffeur-driven luxury; for the driver—the victim—they are minutes of sheer frustration, boredom and wasted time.What’s the result of this easy-going attitude? (2) Well, maybe the person who offered the lift gives up the seemingly endless wait and disappears, in which case the latecomer struggles to complete his day’s schedule later than ever. Wherever he goes he blames the lift for “letting him down”.There’s another equally likely result. (3) In this version of the story, the giver of the lift waits in loyal frustration at the side of the road for as long as his thoughtless passenger takes to reach the spot. Not only are both of them late for work, but the passenger tells his colleagues about the driver’s impatience in traffic queues!So what’s the answer? Perhaps there should be a subtle change in how we view time. At the moment we think of it as a very elastic commodity; we make vague arrangements to meet at about a certain time, and no one has a clear idea as to just how far that time will stretch. Will “about ten o’clock” stretch to a quarter past ten—or will it stretch to half past ten? There are no fixed rules.【答案】1. 例如，在接受了第二天早上搭便车去上班的提议后，他或她将不在约定的时间内出现在上车地点。
2. 好吧，也许那个提供便车的人放弃了看似无止境的等待，然后开车走了，在这种情况下，迟到的人会比以往更晚地完成他的日程安排3. 在这个版本的故事中，只要这位粗心的乘客到达目的地，提供便车的人就会在路边失望地等待5.单选题When the farmers visited the city for the first time, they were ______ by its complicated traffic system.问题1选项A.evokedB.bewilderedC.divertedD.undermined【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. evoked引起，唤起（感情、记忆或形象） B. bewildered使迷惑，使糊涂C. diverted使转向，转移（某人）的注意力 D. undermined逐渐削弱（信心、权威等），使逐步减少效力【考查点】动词辨析解题思路】根据句意“农民们第一次进城时，他们被城市复杂的交通系统______”可知，他们是对城市复杂的交通系统感到困惑，所以该题选择B项干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意句意】农民们第一次进城时，对城市复杂的交通系统感到迷惑不解。
6.单选题While a full understanding of what causes the disease may be several years away, ______ leading to successful treatment could come much sooner.问题1选项A.a distinctionB.a breakthroughC.an identificationD.an interpretation【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. a distinction差别，区别 B. a breakthrough重大进展，突破C. an identification鉴定，辨认 D. an interpretation理解，解释【考查点】名词辨析解题思路】根据while可知，这里是一个让步状语从句，意思是“尽管要完全了解这种疾病的病因可能还需要几年时间”，而主句提到“导致成功治疗的______可能会很快到来”，可推知空格处表示“突破性进展”，所以该题选择B项干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意句意】虽然要完全了解这种疾病的病因可能还需要几年时间，但导致成功治疗的突破性进展可能会很快到来。
7.翻译题1. China is playing an increasingly important role in helping the international community in the process of eradicating extreme poverty by 2030. Since the implementation of reform and opening up in the late 1970s, China has helped as many as 400 million people out of poverty. In the next five years, China will provide assistance to other developing countries in poverty reduction, education development, agricultural modernization, environmental, protection, health care and so on. China has made remarkable progress in poverty alleviation, and it has made unremitting efforts in promoting economic growth. This will encourage other poor countries to cope with their own development challenges. These countries can learn from China’s experience in seeking the path of development with their own characteristics.【答案】1. 中国在帮助国际社会到2030年消除极度贫困的进程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。
自上世纪70年代末实施改革开放以来，中国已帮助多达4亿人摆脱贫困未来5年里，中国将在减贫、教育发展、农业现代化、环境保护、卫生保健等方面向其他发展中国家提供援助中国在减贫方面取得了显著进展，在促进经济增长方面做出了不懈努力这将鼓励其他贫困国家应对自身的发展挑战这些国家在寻求具有自身特色的发展道路时，可以借鉴中国的经验8.单选题Since the two countries couldn’t ______ their differences, they decided to stop their negotiations.问题1选项A.rectifyB.obscureC.reconcileD.oblige【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. rectify矫正，纠正 B. obscure使模糊；使隐晦C. reconcile使和谐一致；调解 D. oblige（以法律、义务等）强迫，迫使【考查点】动词辨析解题思路】根据句意“由于这两个国家的分歧无法______，他们决定停止谈判”可知，是因为分歧无法调解，所以会停止谈判，该题选择C项符合句意干扰项排除】A、B、D项不符合句意句意】由于这两个国家的分歧无法调解，他们决定停止谈判。
9.单选题It can be painful for parents when their children feel out of sync with others, but it is unwise ______ on the importance of fitting in; children get enough of that message in the outside world.问题1选项A.laying a lot of importanceB.to put too much emphasisC.to give a large amount of concernD.throwing a great deal of anxiety【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. laying a lot of importance强调重要性 B. to put too much emphasis强调重要性C. to give a large amount of concern大量关注 D. throwing a great deal of anxiety造成极大的焦虑【考查点】固定搭配。
解题思路】根据unwise可知，unwise to do是固定搭配，表示“做某事是不明智的”，根据句意“当孩子感到与他人不同步时，父母可能会感到痛苦，但______重要性是不明智的”可知，空格处表示“过分强调，过分关注”符合句意，所以B项符合干扰项排除】A项importance一般和attach搭配；C项concern是不可数名词，要用much搭配；D项不符合unwise to do（做某事不明智）的搭配句意】当孩子感到与他人不同步时，父母可能会感到痛苦，但过分强调融入的重要性是不明智的；孩子们从外面的世界中已经足够了解这一点了10.不定项选择题New parents are annoying. They think you want to hear about every gurgle and baby-step. But it could be worse. When your boss has a sprog, watch your wallet.A study to be published next month in Administrative Science Quarterly looks at what happens to workers’ pay when a male boss has a child. Researchers tracked salaries at every firm in Denmark with more than ten employees between 1996 and 2006. (They confined themselves to male bosses partly because the sample of female bosses was too small.)Male bosses, it turns out, pay themselves significantly more once they become fathers. Even after controlling for factors such as age, length of tenure and the performance of the firm, the study found that bosses with daughters pay themselves 3.5% more than childless ones. If they have a son, that increases to a hefty 6.4%. David Ross of Columbia Business School, one of the authors, says all fathers feel a duty to support their families. For grunts this means working harder. Bosses have the more agreeable option of raising their own wages.This is bad news for underlings. That extra money comes out of workers’ pockets, the study finds. Staff employed by a father is typically paid less. The amount depends on such things as the sex of the baby and whether it is his first child. Male employees bear the grunt: if the boss’s child is a son, for example, they can expect 0.5% less salary than if he hadn’t reproduced.Female staff fare better. After their boss’s first child, they can expect to be paid a little more. Mr. Ross speculates that this might be because, having seen their wives go through childbirth, they start to respect women more. Alas, such goodwill doesn’t last. Once the boss has a second child, female workers’ wages are likely to fall, just like men’s.1. According to the passage, which of the following describes the study CORRECTLY?2. According to the passage, once they become fathers, male bosses tend to ______.3. The study reveals that upon stepping into fatherhood, ______.4. What does the sentence “Male employees bear the grunt” in paragraph 4 mean?5. After the boss’s first child, compared with males, female workers are ______.问题1选项A.It was conducted by a Denmark firm.B.It was a large-scale and longitudinal study.C.It was a systematic and time-consuming study.D.It tracked the salaries of ten employees from every firm.问题2选项A.pay more to those with sonsB.make the firm earn more moneyC.differ due to factors such as age etc.D.take more money from their underlings问题3选项A.employees need to work harder than bossesB.bosses and employees differ in their options of dutyC.both bosses and employees need to earn more moneyD.bosses are more agreeable than employees问题4选项A.Male employees are angry.B.Male employees suffer most.C.Male employees differ from others.D.Male employees complain about the situation.问题5选项A.in a different situationB.paid a little bit moreC.more respectedD.just like men【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【选项释义】1. According t。