2022年考博英语-同济大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Forty years ago no one was concerned about the health of the ocean, in spite of the fact that many fisheries were being over-harvested, toxic wastes were being dumped in the sea, and developers were beginning to seriously disrupt coastlines. In those days，the magnitude of the problems was small, even though it was obvious that if the trends continued people would face severe economic and personal hardship in the future. People just didn’t understand, nor did they care. Unfortunately many of our concerns were realized, but the situation could have been much worse, had we, and others，not taken action to inform people about the ocean and the need to protect it.During our campaign to share the wonders of the sea and alert the public about the need to protect it, we have used every medium available—personal appearances, the printed word, and television. Now there is a new medium that is even more effective than its predecessors. Thanks to the Internet and computers, people can not only receive linear stories, but they can actually participate in them，exploring and learning at their own pace and as their curiosity dictates. I am tremendously impressed with the personalization of what had been labeled by skeptics as the most impersonal medium yet developed.For these reasons I have made a major commitment of time and resources to dive into this sea of electronic marvels. I’m swimming hard to keep up, but when I look around I find I’m not alone. We are all learning together and it is an adventure I am finding immensely rewarding. I have been encouraged by our first modest dunking in this new world: We recently completed a CD-ROM, Jean-Michel Cousteau’s World: Cities Under the Sea-Coral Reefs. A couple of months ago I was in Fiji to celebrate the 1997 International Year of the Reef and presented our Cities under the Sea CD-ROM to a group of children. I was impressed to see how quickly they grasped our concepts and how they directed their own learning process，thanks to the flexibility of the medium. It was particularly exciting to see kids squeal with delight as they responded to questions and the computer rewarded them when they got the correct answers.I want young people to experience the mystery and wonder of our oceans. I want them to understand how precious and vulnerable our environment is. Young people need to be taught to take responsibility for ensuring that their heritage will be protected and used wisely. Hopefully the next generation will do a better job than mine has. I believe individuals must be personally involved and I am counting on the Internet to be the medium through which people can experience, learn, and take action I am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better future—it is too important to be left to bureaucrats and politicians.1.Forty years ago people were indifferent to the health of the ocean because_________.2.The last sentence of the 2nd paragraph tells us that the writer believes that __________.3.The writer went to Fiji to_________.4.The writer’s attitude to the prospect of the ocean is_________.5.According to the passage, who shall we fall back on for a better future for the environment?问题1选项A.the ocean was immune to any pollution thenB.they didn’t know what would come of if the ocean was deadly disruptedC.there was no computer thenD.there wasn’t any problem with the ocean at that time问题2选项A.the computer is as smart as human beingsB.the computer is friendly with human beingsC.human beings can interact with the computer and do what they want at their willD.human beings have not used the computer to its fullest advantage问题3选项A.participate in a celebrationB.teach children there how to use the computerC.make an adventure in the seaD.spend the holiday on the seashore问题4选项A.desperateB.unconcernedC.optimisticD.pragmatic问题5选项A.Our predecessors.B.Politicians.C.Computers.D.Young people.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。
根据第一段第二句和第三句，“…if the trends continued people would face severe economic and personal hardship in the future. People just didn’t understand, nor did they care…”，说明关于海洋问题在将来给人们带来的经济和健康问题，人们还不在乎也不理解，所以不知道海洋问题带来的后果选项B符合题意 2.推断题根据第二段最后一句话，可知作者对怀疑主义者认为的人性化印象深刻根据前一句，“Thanks to the Internet and computers, people can not only receive linear stories, but they can actually participate in them，exploring and learning at their own pace and as their curiosity dictates.”，多亏了网络和电脑，人们不仅可以获取更多的信息，而且可以根据自己的进度和爱好阅读信息，并进行探索和研究。
所以，作者认为人们可以任意地和计算机互动选项C符合题意 3.细节理解题根据文章第三段， “A couple of months ago I was in Fiji to celebrate the 1997 International Year of the Reef and presented our Cities under the Sea CD-ROM to a group of children.”，可知作者是去参加1997年珊瑚礁国际年会，并用光盘向儿童展示“海底城市”选项A符合题意 4.作者态度题根据文章第四段，“I am counting on the Internet to be the medium through which people can experience, learn, and take action I am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better future…”，作者希望通过网络这个媒介，人们能够体验、学习并采取行动，并且相信，青年一代将用他们的理想和能量去创造一个更美好的未来。
所以作者对前景是保持乐观积极的选项C符合题意5.推断题根据文章最后一句，“I am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better future…”，可知作者指望年青一代创造一个美好的未来，所以是依靠青年人选项D符合题意 2. 单选题 The dictator’s first step was to _______ the free press.问题1选项A.strangleB.strandC.stratifyD.estrange【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析strangle “压制，使窒息”；strand“使搁浅，陷入困境”；stratify “分层”；estrange “使疏远，离间”句意：独裁者的第一步是压制言论自由选项A符合题意 3. 单选题The heavy snow _________ travel, so he had to stay here for more days.问题1选项A.impeachedB.impelledC.impededD.imparted【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。
impeached “归咎，弹劾”；impelled “推进，促使”；impeded “阻碍”；imparted “给予，传授，告知”句意：大雪阻碍了旅行，所以他必须在这儿多待几天选项C符合题意 4. 单选题Behaviors that we do not understand often become nearly invisible—even when, in retrospect ,we see how truly strange they are.When I was a psychiatric resident, we had a faculty member who was famous for his messy office: stacks of papers and old journals covered every chair and table as well as much of the floor. One day, as I walked past the open office door with one of my supervisors, he murmured mildly, “Odd duck.” And that was as far as anyone seemed to reflect on this peculiar state of affairs within an institution staffed by psychiatrists. Eventually, the faculty member had to be given another office in which to see patients.Not surprisingly, the psychiatric diagnostic manual does not list “messy room” in the index. But it does mention a tantalizing symptom: inability “to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value,” It comes under the diagnosis obsessive-compulsive personality disorder，an obscure cousin of the more famous obsessive-compulsive disorder.I was barely aware of the diagnosis. Every era has mental disorders that for cultural or scientific reasons become popular. In Freud’s day it was hysteria. Currently, depression has moved to center stage. But other ailments go relatively ignored, and this disorder was one.It came with a list of additional symptoms that appeared to be peculiar; anxiety about spending money, excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure activities, rigidity about following rules, perfectionism in doing tasks—at times to the point of interfering with finishing them.In moderation, the symptoms seemed to fit right in with our workaholic culture—perhaps explaining the low profile of the diagnosis. Relentless work orientation and perfectionism may even be assets in rule-and detail-oriented professions like accounting or law.But when the symptoms are too intense or pervasive, they become crippling. Beneath the seemingly adaptive behaviors lies a central disability. People with this diagnosis have enormous difficulty making decisions. They lack the internal sense of completion that most of us experience at the end of a choice or a task, eyen one as simple as throwing something out or making a purchase. In obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, this feeling occurs only after endless deliberation and revision, if at all.The need to come up with the “correct” answer, the best purchase or the perfect proposal leads to excess rumination over each decision. It can even lead to complete paralysis. For such people, rules of all kinds are a godsend—they represent pre-made decisions. Open-ended assignments, like writing papers, are nightmares.For such a patient or for a psychiatrist，understanding a cluster of diagnostic symptoms can be a revelation. The picture leaps out from the previously disorganized background. But undoubtedly, at times we can become too reductionistic, seeing patterns where none exist: sometimes a messy room is just a messy room.1.Which of the following best describes people’s attitude towards the faculty member?2.The popular mental disorder of current time, according to the author, is ______.3.The reason why symptoms of the “obsessive-compulsive disorder” go unnoticed is that _________.4.Rules are godsend to persons with the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder because ____________.5.From the last paragraph we can see that the author’s view is that _________.问题1选项A.They disliked him, and that’s why he got his separate room to see patients.B.They thought he is a little strange, but didn’t pay much attention to his behavior.C.They were interested in his behavior, as they were all psychiatrists.D.They thought he had some mental retardness.问题2选项A.hysteriaB.depressionC.messinessD.obsessive-compulsive disorder问题3选项A.they are highly thought of in according to lawB.some of the mild symptoms fit in with a workaholic cultureC.they have a low profileD.they take a long time to become intense or pervasive问题4选项A.they do not involve decision makingB.they are open-ended assignmentsC.they lead to complete paralysisD.they are made by other问题5选项A.a messy room is just a messy roomB.a messy room is an indication of the obsessive-compulsive personality disorderC.psychiatrists should pay attention to a messy roomD.psychiatrists should see patterns of seemingly disorganized behaviors, but shouldn’t be too reductionistic【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。
根据文章第一段， “Behaviors that we do not understand often become nearly invisible—even when, in retrospect ,we see how truly strange they are.”，可知，即使回过头来看一些行为的确非常奇怪，但是对于那些我们不能理解的行为，我们经常会保持忽视的态度紧接着第二段用一位同事的例子来说明这个观点，选项B符合题意 2.细节理解题根据文章第四段第四句，“Currently, depression has moved to center stage.”，可知目前，抑郁症已经成为人们关注的焦点选项B符合题意 3.细节理解题根据文章第六段第一句，“the symptoms seemed to fit right in with our workaholic culture—perhaps explaining the low profile of the diagnosis. Relentless work orientation and perfectionism…”，因为强迫症人格障碍的症状刚好符合工作狂的文化精神，不懈努力的工作定位和完美主义在工作中甚至会成为优点，因此强迫症在诊断过程中经常被忽视。
选项B符合题意 4.推断题根据文章第七段，“People with this diagnosis have enormous difficulty making decisions.”，可知患有强迫症的人在做决定方面有巨大的困难根据文章第八段，“For such people, rules of all kinds are a godsend—they represent pre-made decisions.”，可知对于这些人来说，规则是最大的恩赐，因为代表着预先做好的决定所以可推断，规则的制定使他们不用自己作决定选项A符合题意 5.作者态度题根据文章最后一段，“For such a patient or for a psychiatrist，understanding a cluster of diagnostic symptoms can be a revelation.”，可知对于这方面的病人或者精神病医生，理解诊断症状是有必要的But undoubtedly, at times we can become too reductionistic, seeing patterns where none exist: sometimes a messy room is just a messy room.”，可知有时我们可以把事情看得更简单一些，有些情形并没有什么，有时凌乱的房间仅仅是凌乱而已。
所以可推断出，作者认为医生必须要理解一些诊断性的症状，能看到一些杂乱无章的行为并且熟悉病症，以便于给病人看病，但是有时候凌乱确实只是一种简单的现象，并不是病症，医生也不能多虑选项D符合题意5. 单选题Campaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself. Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts in any other portion of the globe. Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side. The columns crawl through a maze of giant corridors down which fierce snow-fed torrents foam under skies of brass. Amid these scenes of savage brilliancy there dwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with their environment. Except at harvest time，when self-preservation requires a temporary truce, the Pathan tribes are always engaged in private or public war. Every man is a warrior, a politician and a theologian. Every large house is a real feudal fortress made, it is true, only of sunbaked clay，but with battlements, turrets, loopholes，drawbridges, etc. Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan，its feud. The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid. For the purposes of social life, in addition to the convention about harvest-time, a most elaborate code of honour has been established and is on the whole faithfully observed. A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might pass unarmed from one end of the frontier to another. The slightest technical slip would, however，be fatal. The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest; and his valleys, nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water, are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse population.Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts: the rifle and the British Government. The first was an enormous luxury and blessing; the second, an unmitigated nuisance. The convenience of the rifle was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it. One could actually remain in one’s own house and fire at one’s neighbour nearly a mile away. One could lie in wait on some high crag，and at hitherto unheard of ranges hit a horseman far below. Even villages could fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home. Fabulous prices were therefore offered for these glorious products of science. Riflethieves scoured all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler. A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier, and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced.The action of the British Government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory. The great organizing，advancing, absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport. If the Pathan made forays into the plains, not only were they driven back (which after all was no more than fair)，but a whole series of subsequent interferences took place, followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys, scolding the tribesmen and exacting fines for any damage which they had done. No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come, had a fight and then gone away again. In many cases this was their practice under what was called the“butcher and bolt policy” to which the Government of India long adhered. But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys, and in particular the great road to Chitral. They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies. There was no objection to the last method so far as it went. But the whole of this tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste. All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another, and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road. It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source.1.The word debts in “very few debts are left unpaid” in the first paragraph means _______.2.Which of the following is NOT one of the geographical facts about the Indian frontier?3.According to the passage, the Pathans welcomed _________.4.Building roads by the British __________.5.A suitable title for the passage would be ________. 问题1选项A.loansB.accountsC.killingsD.bargains问题2选项A.Melting snows.B.Large population.C.Steep hillsides.D.Fertile valleys.问题3选项A.the introduction of the rifleB.the spread of British ruleC.the extension of luxuriesD.the spread of trade问题4选项A.put an end to a whole series of quarrelsB.prevented the Pathans from carrying on feudsC.lessened the subsidies paid to the PathansD.gave the Pathans a much quieter life问题5选项A.Campaigning on the Indian FrontierB.Why the Pathans Resented the British RuleC.The Popularity of Rifles among the PathansD.The Pathans at War【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.词义题。
根据文章第一段，“Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan，its feud. The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid.”，可知每座村庄都设有自己的防卫每个家族都有自己的仇恨，每个部落都有宿仇无数部落和部落联合体都有自己的理由与其他部落清算人们不会忘记任何事情，并且有仇必报所以这里的债务是指宿仇和仇杀选项C符合题意2.细节理解题根据第一段最后一句，“…are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse population…”，可知土地丰饶，只要些许劳作就足以供养稀少人口的物质需求。
所以人口并不多选项B符合题意 3.细节理解题根据文章第二段，“ …convenience of the rifle was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it.”，可知步枪的便捷受到了前所未有的欢迎这个在1 500码远的地方可精确杀死对手的武器给每一个能拥有它的家庭或家族带来了新的希望所以帕坦人是欢迎步枪这种武器的引入的选项A符合题意 4.推断题根据文章第三段，“They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies.”，他们通过威胁恐吓、堡垒、补助等方式来确保这些道路的安全所以没有减少补贴，可排除选项C。
根据文章第三段，“All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another,”可知英国政府要求沿路周围的人们保持安静，不许相互射杀，所以帕坦部落并没有过着安静的生活，可排除选项D根据文章第三段最后一句，“It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source.”，可知一切斗争都源于这些道路的修建，一系列的争吵并没有结束，排除选项A选项B符合题意 5.主旨题纵观全文，第一段主要介绍了印度边境的环境和活动，第二段提到了步枪引入到帕坦部落，并且受到了欢迎，第三段提到了帕坦部落人对英国政府的不满，并且讲到了帕坦部落对英国政府的修路意图尤其憎恨，这也是一切斗争的根源由此可见，本文主要介绍了帕坦部落的生活环境，对步枪的喜爱以及对英国政府的憎恶等各方面的内容选项D符合题意6. 单选题In his 1976 study of slavery in the United States, Herbert Gutman, like Fogel，Engerman, and Genovese, has rightly stressed the slaves，achievements. But unlike these historians, Gutman gives plantation owners little credit for these achievements. Rather, Gutman argues that one must look to the Black family and the slaves’ extended kinship system to understand how crucial achievements, such as the maintenance of a cultural heritage and the development of a communal consciousness, were possible. His findings compel attention.Gutman recreates the family and extended kinship structure mainly through an ingenious use of what any historian should draw upon, quantifiable data, derived in this case mostly from plantation birth registers. He also uses accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human reality behind his statistics. These sources indicate that the two-parent household predominated in slave quarters just as it did among freed slaves after emancipation. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. In less conclusive fashion Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese had already indicated the predominance of two-parent households; however, only Gutman emphasizes the preference for stable monogamy and points out what stable monogamy meant for the slaves’ cultural heritage. Gutman argues co。